• ALBA, What is the ALBA?, https://albainfo.org/what-is-the-alba/.

 • Alberto Acosta,  “La auditoría de la deuda e(x)terna ecuatoriana, ” XX, 11 October 2016, INREDH, https://www.inredh.org/index.php?option=com_content&view= article&id=22&Itemid=3.

 • Romulo Betancourt, Oil and Politics, Boston 1979.

 • Rachael Boothroyd Rojas,  “Venezuela Petitions UN to Accompany Presidential Elections, Opposition Announces Boycott, ” Venezuelaanalysis.com, 21 February 2018, https://venezuelanalysis.com/News/13676.

 • James M. Boughton, The IMF and the Silent Revolution: Global finance and development in the 1980s, International Monetary Fund, 2000.

 • Marilia Brocchetto,  “Venezuela asks UN for help as medicine shortages grow severe, ” CNN, 25 March 2017, https://edition.cnn.com/2017/03/25/americas/ venezuela-maduro-un/index.html

 • Julia Buxton, Social Policy in Venezuela: Bucking Neoliberalism or Unsustainable Clientelism, Working Paper 2014 –16, UNRISD Project Towards Universal Social Security in Emerging Economies: Process, Institutions and Actors, November 2014.

 • Rafael Osío Cabrices,  “Black Market Medicine And Animal Drugs: What It ’s Like To Be Sick In Venezuela, ” Huffpost The Blog, 17 February 2016, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/rafael-osao-cabrices/venezuela-drug-shortage_b_9154498.html.

 • “Carina Vance asume la dirección del Instituto de Salud de UNASUR, ” 26 June 2016, http://www.unasursg.org/sites/default/files/RELEASE%20Posse%20Carina%20Vance%20%28ESP%29.pdf.

 • Fernando Casado, Antiperiodistas. Confesiones de las Agresiones mediáticas contra Venezuela, Caracas 2017.

 • Silvio Cascione,  “Mercosur suspends Venezuela, urges immediate transition, ” Reuters, 5 August 2017, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-mercosur/mercosur-suspends-venezuela-urges-immediate-transition-idUSKBN1AL0IB.

 • Maher Ciccariello, We Created Chavez, Duke University Press, 2013.

 • Comité de Victimas de la Guarimba y el Golpe Continuado, Violencia Política en Venezuela: Victimas y responsables, Caracas, 2015.

 • Consejo de Expertos Electorales de Latinoamérica, Electoral Observation Mission at the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Report on the Constituent National Assembly Elections, Caracas July 30, 2017.

 • Consejo de Expertos Electorales de Latinoamérica, Mision de Acompañamiento Electoral, Informe Elecciones Asamblea Nacional Constituyente, Caracas 2017.

 • Javier Corrales, Venezuela in the 1980s, the 1990s and beyond: Why Citizen-Detached Parties Imperil Economic Governance, ReVista, Fall 1999.

 • Henry Cotos,  “En la Cumbre de los Pueblos celebran que no venga Trump, ” La República, 11 April 2018, https://larepublica.pe/politica/1225169-en-la-cumbre-de-los-pueblos-celebran-que-no-venga-trump.

• Cuaderno de Desarrollo Humano, Prácticas ejemplares en inclusión social y cultura de paz: Sistema Nacional de Orquestas y Coros Juveniles e Infantiles, Caracas, 2015.

 • “Cumbra de los Pueblos por la Justicia social y ambiental en defenda de los bienes comunes ”, Portal Rio +20, http://rio20.net/events/cumbre-de-los-pueblos-por-la-justicia-social-y-ambiental/.

 • Pasqualina Curcio, The Visible Hand of the Market, Caracas 2017.

 • Pasqualina Curcio, De las Democracias a las Dictaduras: Made in USA. http://www.15yultimo.com/2017/05/28/de-las-democracias-a-las-dictaduras-made-in-usa/.

 • Pasqualina Curcio, Bloqueo Financiero Internacional, https://www.alainet.org/es/autores/pasqualina-curcio.

 • Pasqualina Curcio, Escasez de Medicamentos en Venezuela. Falta de Divisas ? http://www.15yultimo.com/2017/05/21/escasez-de-medicamentos-en-venezuela-falta-de-divisas/.

 • Pasqualina Curcio, Al Revés, Caracas 2017, https://lapupilainsomne.wordpress.com/2017/04/26/al-reves-por-pasqualina-curcio/.

 • Pasqualina Curcio, Propuestas para detener la inflación inducida en Venezuela, Caracas 2017, http://www.15yultimo.com/2017/12/01/propuestas-para-detener-la-inflacion-inducida-en-venezuela/.

 • Asa K. Cusak, Venezuela, ALBA, and the Limits of Postneoliberal Regionalism in Latin America and the Caribbean, ebook 2018.

 • Paul Dobson,  “Venezuela ’s Maduro: International Observers Will Accompany 2018 Presidential Elections ”, Venezuelaanalysis.com, 19 February 2018, https://venezuelanalysis.com/news/13665.

 • “Ecuador reitera total apoyo a integración de UNASUR ”, Ecuadorinmediato.com, 7 July 2018, http://www.ecuadorinmediato.com/index.php?module=Noticias&func= news_user_view&id=2818835963.

 • Lucinda Elliott,  “Venezuela tries to buy medicine with gems, ” The Times, 6 January 2018, https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/venezuela-tries-to-buy-medicine-with-gems-mjqsgxpxm.

 • Steve Ellner, Rethinking Venezuelan Politics, Boulder, Colorado, 2008.

 • “EnClave Política: Conversamos con Carina Vance Mafla ”, Telesur, available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SVeQ48sA5JY.

 • Ramón Espinasa and Carlos Sucre, The Fall and Collapse of the Venezuelan Oil Sector, August 2017.

 • Grupo FARO, https://www.grupofaro.org/.

 • Juan Guillermo Espinosa, Economia Neoliberal vs. Economia Social en América Latina, Ediciones Fundalatin, Caracas 2003.

 • Estudio y Defensa en Derechos Humanos, Special Report: Unilateral Coercive Measures against Venezuela and its Impact on Human Rights, Caracas 2018.

 • Richard Falk, ISCI Notes  — Lectures, March 2018  — « Geopolitical Crimes: A Preliminary Jurisprudential Proposal ”, annual lecture, International State Crime Initiative, Queen Mary ’s University, London, 22 March 2018.

 • “FAO reconoce nuevamente a Venezuela por labor alimentaria, ” Telesur, 5 June 2015, https://www.telesurtv.net/news/FAO-reconoce-nuevamente-a-Venezuela-por-labor-alimentaria--20150605-0049.html.

Federación de Organizaciones y Juntas Ambientales de Venezuela, Pacto Mundial Consciente en Venezuela de los Movimientos Indígenas y Ambientales , Caracas 1 Diciembre 2017.

•  Claire Felter and Danielle Renwick, “Mercosur: South America’s Fractitious Trade Bloc, Council of Foreign Relations, 26 December 2017, https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/mercosur-south-americas-fractious-trade-bloc.

•  Francisco Ferreira, Christoph Lanker and Carolina Sanchez, The 2017 global poverty update from the World Bank, http://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/2017-global-poverty-update-world-bank

•  Foro Itinerante de Participacion Popular, Víctimas de la Arrechera , Caracas 2013. http://www.minci.gob.ve/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2013/06/VICTIMAS-DE-LA-ARRECHERA-WEB.pdf

•  Fundalatin, Derecho a la Protesta y Violencia en Venezuela, Caracas 2017.

•  Fundalatin, “Derechos Humanos y Diálogo Constituyente,”  19 November 2017, https://www.aporrea.org/ddhh/a255418.html.

•  Fundalatin, Letter to the President of the Human Rights Committee of UN, 20 June 2015, https://fundalatin.webnode.es/news/letter-to-the-president-of-the-human-rights-committee-of-un/.

•  Fundalatin, Organizaciones de DDHH frente a sanciones a Venezuela, https://www.aporrea.org/ddhh/a261491.html.

•  Fundalatin, “Venezuela Merce Ser Reelecta ante El Consejo de Derechos Humanos,”  24 October 2015, https://fundalatin.webnode.es/news/venezuela-merece-ser-reelecta-ante-el-consejo-de-derechos-humanos/.

•  Eduardo Galeano, Open Veins of Latin America, Monthly Review Press, 1973.

•  Eduardo Galeano, Patas arriba. La Escuela del mundo al revés. Montevideo 1998. http://resistir.info/livros/galeano_patas_arriba.pdf

•  Leslie Gates, Electing Chavez, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2010.

•  Victoria Gaytan, “Just the Facts: Who are the Council of Electoral Specialists of Latin America (CEELA)?”, Global Americans, 17 October 2017, https://theglobalamericans.org/2017/10/council-electoral-specialists-latin-america-ceela/.

• “UNASUR/CELAC: The New Kids on the Bloc,”  Global Americans, https://theglobalamericans.org/reports/unasurcelac/.

•  Adoración Guamán y Gabriel Moreno, El fin de la impunidad, La lucha por un instrument vinculante sobre empresas transnacionales y Derechos Humanos, Navarra 2017

•  Dan Hellinger and David Smilde, eds. Venezuela’s Bolivarian Democracy: Participation, Politics and Culture under Chavez, Duke University Press, 2011.

•  Igor Hernández and Francisco Monaldi, Weathering Collapse: An Assessment of the Financial and Operational Situation of the Venezuelan Oil Industry, Center for International Development Working Paper no. 327, November 2016.

•  Joel Hirst, The Alba: Inside Venezuela’s Bolivarian Alliance —  Interamerican Institute for Democracy, 2012.

•  International Commission of Jurists, Achieving Justice for Gross Violations of Human Rights in Venezuela: Baseline Study, July 2017, https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Venezuela-GRA-Baseline-Study-Publications-Reports-Thematic-reports-2017-ENG.pdf.

• “International Community Pledges Supports for Venezuelan Election, ” Telesur, 26 April 2018, https://venezuelanalysis.com/news/13783.

 • International Labour Organisation, Country Profiles: Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of, http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:11110: 0::NO::P11110_COUNTRY_ID:102880.

 • Andrew Jacobs,  “Opposition to Breast-Feeding Resolution by U.S. Stuns World Health Officials, ” New York Times, 8 July 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/08/health/world-health-breastfeeding-ecuador-trump.html.

 • Lucas Koerner and Eugenia Russia,  “Venezuela ’s Oldest Human Rights Organization:  “Here There is a State That Respects Human Rights ”, 25 June 2015, https://venezuelanalysis.com/analysis/11424.

 • Peter Kornbluh, The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability. A National Security Archive Book. The New Press, 2003

 • Miguel Angel Lacabana, La década de los 80: Ajustes económicos y pobreza en Venezuela, Cuadernos de Economía. Vol. 18, 1990.

 • Edgardo Lander,  “Venezuela: la Experiencia Bolivariana en la lucha por tanscender al capitalismo ” presented at the Working Group  “Más allá del Desarrollo ” hosted by the Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung in Quito 10 –18 May 2017. http://www.rosalux.org.mx/docs/Mas_alla_del_desarrollo.pdf.

 • Latin American and Caribbean Economic System (SELA), What is SELA?, http://www.sela.org/en/what-is-sela/.

 • Gonzalo Martner, Chile: Los mil dias de una economía sitiada, www.blest.eu/biblio/martner2/index.htmla.

 • “Michel Forst: En Venezuela se violan sistemáticamente los DDHH, ” La Patilla, 17 September 2015, https://www.lapatilla.com/2015/09/17/michel-forst-en-venezuela-se-violan-sistematicamente-los-ddhh/.

 • Mision Verdad,  “The Preliminary Investigation into Venezuela at the Hague: Obstacles and Objectives, ” Venezuelaanalysis.com, 21 February 2018, https://venezuelanalysis.com/analysis/13677.

 • Jakob Möller and Alfred de Zayas, United Nations Human Rights Committee Case Law, N.P. Engel, Strasbourg 2009.

 • Movimiento Periodismo Necesario, Reunion con Defensores de los DDHH, Golpes de estado e Ingredientes mediáticos, Los llamados a la paz, 1 Diciembre 2017.

 • Non-Aligned Movement, Venezuela en NAM, http://namvenezuela.org/?us_ portfolio=5675.

 • Nuclear Threat Initiative,  “Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC) ”, http://www.nti.org/learn/treaties-and-regimes/community-latin-american-and-caribbean-states-celac/.

 • “¿Obstaculiza la OEA la lucha anticorrupción en Latinoamérica? ”, Telesur, 16 April 2018, https://www.telesurtv.net/news/oea-obstaculiza-lucha-anticorrupcion-latinoamerica-20180412-0027.html.

 • OECD,  “Latin American and Caribbean Economic System (SELA) ”, http://www.oecd.org/gov/regulatory-policy/SELA_profile.pdf.

 • Organización de los Estados Americanos, Cumbres de las Americas, http://www.summit-americas.org/events_es.htm.

 • Oficina Regional de la FAO para América Latina y el Caribe, Reconocimiento de la FAO a Venezuela, http://www.fao.org/americas/noticias/ver/es/c/230150/.

• Organización Defensores de Derechos Humanos, Propagación, Divulgación y Lucha Para Garantizar los Derechos Humanos, Caracas 2017.

 • Oxfam,  “Comunicado de Oxfam sobre Venezuela, ” 21 August 2017, https://www.oxfam.org/en/node/8655.

 • Oxfam, Countries: Ecuador, https://www.oxfam.org/en/countries/ecuador.

 • Primero Justicia, Fundación Juan German Rocio, Papeles Doctrinales, Caracas 2015.

 • PROVEA, https://www.derechos.org.ve/.

 • Ignacio Ramonet, La tiranía de la comunicación, Madrid 1998.

 • Ignacio Ramonet, Le Venezuela encerclé, http://www.politique-actu.com/dossier/venezuela-encercle-ignacio-ramonet/57712/.

 • Ewan Robertson,  “Venezuela Marks 25 Years Since  ‘Caracazo ’ Uprising against Neoliberalism ”, Venezuelaanalysis.com, 28 February 2014, https://venezuelanalysis.com/news/10431.

 • Miguel Tinker Salas, Venezuela: What Everyone Needs to Know, Oxford 2015. https://www.democracynow.org/2015/4/9/ahead_of_summit_of_the_americas.

 • Miguel Tinker Salas, The Enduring Legacy: Oil, Culture and Society in Venezuela, Duke University Press, 2009.

 • German Sanchez Otero, Proceso Constituyente, ingenio revolucionario de Chavez, Ediciones MiPPCI, Caracas 2017.

 • Hans-Christof Graf von Sponeck, A Different Kind of War: The UN Sanctions Regime in Iraq. Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2006.

 • Anup Shah, Poverty Facts and Stats, http://www.globalissues.org/article/26/poverty-facts-and-stats.

 • Sures, Estudios y defensa en derechos humanos, Proceso Constituyente de 2017. Convocatoria y Elección a la Asamblea Nacional Constituyente, Caracas 2017.

 • Sures, Informe Especial. Situación de los Derechos Humanos en Venezuela en el Contexto de las maniferstacioens públicas y actos de violencia Política, Caracas 2017.

 • Surkuna, http://surkuna.org/sitio/.

 • “También los defensores necesitan protección, ” elucabista.com, http://elucabista.com/2015/09/02/tambien-los-defensores-necesitan-proteccion/.

 • Transparency International, Global Corruption Report 2017, https://www.transparency.org/whatwedo/publication/las_personas_y_la_corrupcion_america_latina_y_el_caribe.

 • Transparency International, Corrupción en Ascenso en América latina y el Caribe, https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corrupcion_en_ascenso_en_america_latina_y_el_caribe.

 • Tricia Tunstall, Changing Lives: Gustavo Dudamel, El Sistema and the Transformative Power of Music, W.W. Norton, 2012.

 • Alexandra Ulmer,  “ENFOQUE-Sin diálisis ni medicinas, venezolanos con trasplantes de órganos luchan por sus vidas, ” Reuters, 2 February 2018, https://lta.reuters.com/article/topNews/idLTAKCN1G41FX-OUSLT.

 • UNASUR, https://www.unasursg.org/.

 • UNHCR, Nota de Orientación sobre el Flujo de Venezolanos, March 2018, available at https://www.aporrea.org/media/2018/03/nota_de_orientacin_sobre _el_flujo_de_venezolanos_acnur.pdf

 • UNICEF, At a Glance: Venezuela, The Bolivarian Republic of, https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/venezuela.html.

• United Nations, Human Rights Treaty Bodies, Venezuela Database, https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/TBSearch.aspx?Lang=En&CountryID=191&ctl00_PlaceHolderMain_radResultsGridChangePage=18.

 • United States Central Intelligence Agency, Directorate of Intelligence, 15 July 1988, Nicaragua: The Economy and Sanctions (typescript prepared by the Nicaragua Branch).

 • United States Central Intelligence Agency, Directorate of Intelligence, January 1984, Venezuela: Challenges Facing the New Administration: An Intelligence Assessment.

 • United States Department of State, Memorandum for Mr. Henry A. Kissinger, December 4, 1970: Chile. (Secret/Unclassified).

 • Universidad Simón Bolívar (USB), Universidad Central de Venezuela (UCV) and Universidad Católica Andres Bello (UCAB), ENCUESTA NACIONAL DE CONDICIONES DE VIDA ENCOVI 2017, https://www.ucab.edu.ve/investigacion/centros-e-institutos-de-investigacion/encovi-2017/.

 • Rafael Uzcátegui, Revolución as Spectacle, Sharp Press, 2010.

 • Alejandro Velasco, Barrio Rising: Urban Popular Politics and the Making of Modern Venezuela. University of California Press, 2015.

 • “Venezuela Celebrates 13 Years Fighting Illiteracy ”, Telesur, 1 July 2016, https://www.telesurtv.net/english/news/Venezuela-Celebrates-13-Years-Fighting-Illiteracy-20160701-0029.html.

 • “Venezuela government distributes medicine amid shortages of nearly all drugs, ” The Japan Times, https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/11/26/world/science-health-world/venezuela-government-distributes-medicine-amid-shortages-nearly-drugs/#.W0eIzpVDvct.

 • “Venezuela to withdraw from OAS as deadly protests continue, ” BBC, 27 April 2017, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-39726605.

 • José Miguel Vivanco,  “It ’s Time for UN Security Council to Send Strong Message to Venezuela ”, 13 November 2017 https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/11/13/its-time-un-security-council-send-strong-message-venezuela.

 • Mark Weisbrot,  “Venezuela and the OAS: The Logic of Withdrawal, ” Huffington Post, 28 April 2017, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/venezuela-and-the-oas-the-logic-of-withdrawal_us_590389c8e4b084f59b49f8b5.

 • World Bank, Venezuela Data, https://data.worldbank.org/country/venezuela-rb.

 • World Bank, Poverty & Equity Portal, http://povertydata.worldbank.org /poverty/country/VEN.

 • World Health Organization, Countries: Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), http://www.who.int/countries/ven/en/.

 • World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory Data: Venezuela, http://www.who.int/gho/countries/ven/en/.